The reference list contains enough information for the reader to locate the source you have referenced. View our example text for a demonstration of the use of direct quotations and page numbers within an in-text reference. See this ' Quotations' section of the APA Blog for guidance on when to use direct quotes and how to construct intext references from materials with and without page numbers. Only quote if the original author's exact wording is definitely required. Include a page number/s in your in-text reference where you are directly quoting. If citing multiple items in the same point in your document, place in alphabetical order by first author's surname with a semicolon between them eg (Barker & Atif, 2019 Lai, 2019).

For items that have been accepted for publication but not yet published, use 'in press'.If no date, use 'n.d.', for example, (Author, n.d.).Use the year your reference was published, for example (Author, 2021).If citing an author that is quoted or referred to in another publication see our advice for citing this as a secondary source.No author - Use a few words of the title in double quotation marks, and provide the date ('Title is', Year).For example use 'National Institute of Nursing Research' as the author in-text rather than 'Department of Health and Human Services'.For Government agencies - the most specific level appears in the in-text reference, (full details in the references list).(National Institute of Mental Health, 2020) in the first reference, then (NIMH, 2020) in subsequent references.In any later references to the same organisation, use the abbreviation. Organisational or group author - if a company, organisation or group is the author, and no individual people are named, use the name of the organisation as the author. Write the name out in full the first time it appears, and include the abbreviation in square brackets.List the first author's surname only, followed by 'et al.' If using the author's name in your sentence (a 'narrative reference') spell out the 'and' Use the surname/family name of the author(s).īoth author's surnames, in the same order as on the publication, separated by an ampersand ('&').APA7 style requires that in-text citations consist of the author(s) and date, in brackets, with a comma in between, eg (Smith, 2020).

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